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b13
Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Python,

Basic Example of a Neural Network with TensorFlow and Keras

This blog post covers basic example of a Neural Network, using TensorFlow and Keras in Python. The notebook can be also viewed on Github.

TensorFlow and Keras

TensorFlow was developed at Google to use internally for machine learning tasks, and applied to the applications like speech recognition, Search, Gmail, etc. It was made public in 2015 as an open source application. The library is in C++, used with Python API. TensorFlow can be used for various problems like image recognition, language processing, implementation in self-driving cars, etc. There are various alternatives available to TensorFlow such as Theano, and Torch.

We are going to use Keras in this notebook, with Tensorflow as a backend engine. Keras is a high-level wrapper, which can be used both with TensorFlow and Theano. It simplifies common operations. The code is similar to scikit-learn, making it easier to get used to it, while in the background TensorFlow or Theano is used for processing.

The data

In this example we will be looking at MNIST database (a subset of a larger set by National Institute of Standards and Technology). This is a classic dataset containing 60000 training images, 10000 test images, and corresponding training and test labels. The images are handwritten digits, in the shape of 28 x 28 pixels, and divided into 10 categories (from 0 to 9).

The versions

In this example I am using Keras v.2.1.4 and TensorFlow v.1.5.0 with GPU (using NVIDIA CUDA). Running examples on a GPU can speed up the training process.

In [1]:
# To avoid warnings
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

# Importing keras and tensorflow, and printing the versions
import keras
print('Keras: {}'.format(keras.__version__))

import tensorflow as tf
print('TensorFlow: {}'.format(tf.__version__))
Using TensorFlow backend.
Keras: 2.1.4
TensorFlow: 1.5.0
b12
Python,

Pandas – Tips and Tricks – df.loc, df.iloc

This notebook is a part of Pandas – Tips and Tricks mini-series, focusing on different aspects of pandas library in Python. In the below examples we will be looking at selecting the data by using .loc and .iloc methods. The notebook is also available on GitHub.

.loc: is primarily label based indexing.

.iloc: is primarily integer position based indexing.

Previous blog posts on the topic: Data import with Python, using pandas DataFrame – Part 1

 

Let’s start by importing pandas and loading the data:

In [1]:
# Loading the library
import pandas as pd

# I am using the data from WHO as an example
df = pd.read_csv('Data/SuicBoth.csv')

# Checking the DataFrame shape
print(df.shape)

# Checking the imported data
df.head()
(183, 6)
b11
Machine Learning, Python,

Statistical Terms in Data Science and Regression Metrics

Various statistical concepts are incorporated in Data Science. In this notebook I am going to cover some basic statistical terms, and talk about metrics used in Data Science for Regression tasks. This notebook can be also viewed on Github.

1. Statistical terms

Let’s look at some simple statistical terms in detail:

Mean (\bar{x} ): Averaging. Mean is a sum of all values divided by the number of values:

\bar{x} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i}{n}

Variance (\sigma^2 ): Describes the spread of a distribution. For a set of values, the variance:

\sigma^2 = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\big(x_i - \bar{x}\big)^2

Standard Deviation (\sigma ): Square root of variance, is in the units of the data it represents:

\sigma = \sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\big(x_i - \bar{x}\big)^2}

b10
Python,

String, String Methods, and String Manipulation

String is a collection of characters. Any character can be accessed by its index. The indexing of a string starts at 0 (or -1 if it’s indexed from the end). We can get the number of characters in a string by using built-in function len. Compared to the indexing, len is not zero based.

In [1]:
# Creating a string
text = 'Some collection of words'

# Assigning the number of characters in the given string to a variable
total_char = len(text)

# Printing the total number of characters
print('Number of characters = {}'.format(total_char))
Number of characters = 24
b9
Machine Learning, Python,

Machine Learning – Programming Exercise 2: Logistic Regression

Programming Exercise 2: Logistic Regression

The following blog post contains exercise solution for logistic regression assignment from the Machine Learning course by Andrew Ng. Also, this blog post is available as a jupyter notebook on GitHub.

In [1]:
# Standard imports. Importing seaborn for styling.
%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn; seaborn.set_style('whitegrid')
b8
Machine Learning, Python,

k-NN Nearest Neighbor Classifier

Nearest Neighbor Classification

k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) is one of the simplest machine learning algorithms. Predictions for the new data points are done by closest data points in the training data set. The algorithm compares the Euclidean distances from the point of interest to the other data points to determine which class it belongs to. We can define the k-amount of the closest data points for the algorithm calculations.

Lower k results in low bias / high variance. As k grows, the method becomes less flexible, and decision boundary close to linear. Higher k results in high bias / low variance.

Few links on the topic:

Also, this blog post is available as a jupyter notebook on GitHub.

b7
Machine Learning, Python,

Machine Learning – Programming Exercise 1: Linear Regression

Programming Exercise 1: Linear Regression

I started working on the Machine Learning course by Andrew Ng. The following blog post contains exercise solution for linear regression using gradient descent algorithm. Also, this blog post is available as a jupyter notebook on GitHub.

This exercise was done using Numpy library functions. I also used scikit-learn library to demonstrate another way of linear regression plotting.

In [1]:
# Standard imports. Importing seaborn for styling.
%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn; seaborn.set_style("whitegrid")
b6
d3,

Map Visualization Using D3.js; New Mexico

In the previous blog post I showed few examples of data visualization using D3.js. There were multiple examples of choropleth maps, summarizing population, population change, and employment rates data. In this blog post I will try to show step by step guide on how to create similar maps. As an example I am working on New Mexico population data by county. The data was obtained through US Census Bureau, and is available to download straight from their website. The files used in this example are provided at the end of this blog post. Also I’d like to suggest Mike Bostock’s Choropleth example as a guide to mapping. Topojson file creation from Shapefile is not shown in this tutorial. I might write a separate blog post on that topic.

b5
d3,

d3.js Data Visualization; New Mexico

Visualization is the key to understanding the data. Lines of endless data can be overwhelming. Most of the times, to reach the conclusion, it is better to visualize the task. D3.js is a JavaScript library that is used for data visualization using the web standards like HTML, CSS, and SVG. Since the initial release in 2011, D3 gained popularity pretty quickly due to dynamic, interactive data visualizations capabilities in the browser. There is a huge community of followers of D3, and it is supported and improved by its creator Mike Bostock constantly.

Lately I’ve been working on D3. There is definitely a lot to learn, a lot to gain and improve. This blog post is a quick summary of knowledge that I gained in the last few weeks playing with D3. Initially I started looking for tutorials, and books on the subject. To be honest I’ve got a bit frustrated due to the lack of detailed material on the subject. I found “D3.js Essential Training for Data Scientists” on Lynda.com that guided me in the right direction. I discovered for myself https://bl.ocks.org/, and since then I started checking different types of visualization provided on that website. My way of learning is to think about a problem/case that might interest me, see if there is any solution available, if not then divide the problem into smaller tasks, and work on them one by one.

Let’s look at few examples below. I am working on New Mexico data for this blog post. The data was gathered through US Census Bureau, and US Department of Labor websites. Disclaimer: this is not a complete analysis of the data; data is used for visualization purposes only, all the data is available for public on the above mentioned websites. I will be working on a few tutorials in the next few weeks, explaining the below examples in bigger detail.

b4
Python,

Data visualization with Python and Matplotlib / Scatter Plot – Part 3

Let’s look at what else can be done with the data from Part 1. We start with the csv import mentioned in Part 2. Looking at the data we see that we have data available for 2010 and 2015 years, and we can analyze the change in suicide rates.

In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
In [2]:
table = pd.read_excel('mergedData.xlsx')
table.head()
Out[2]:
Country 2015_s 2010_s 2015_p 2013_p 2010_p 2013_d suiAve suiPerDeath deaPerPop
0 Afghanistan 5.5 5.2 32526.6 30682.5 27962.2 7.7 5.35 0.694805 0.77
1 Albania 4.3 5.3 2896.7 2883.3 2901.9 9.4 4.80 0.510638 0.94
2 Algeria 3.1 3.4 39666.5 38186.1 36036.2 5.7 3.25 0.570175 0.57
3 Angola 20.5 20.7 25022.0 23448.2 21220.0 13.9 20.60 1.482014 1.39
4 Antigua and Barbuda 0.0 0.2 91.8 90.0 87.2 6.8 0.10 0.014706 0.68