Browsing Tag

data

b15
Python,

Plotting Error Bars in Python using Matplotlib and Numpy Random

by admin-postMarch 17, 2018no comment

A friend of mine needed help with plotting clusters with corresponding asymmetrical error bars. I decided to write a blog post about plotting error bars in Python after helping with the problem. The notebook can be also viewed on Github.

Error Bars

Error bars are graphical representations of the error or uncertainty in data, and they assist correct interpretation. For scientific purposes, reporting of errors is crucial in understanding the given data. Mostly error bars represent range and standard deviation of a dataset. They can help visualize how the data is spread around the mean value.

The Data

The data shown below is randomly generated for plotting purposes. This blog post is not about correct statistical interpretation of error bars, and solely written for demonstration purposes.

We will be using numpy for data generation. Let’s start by importing numpy.

In [1]:
# Importing numpy
import numpy as np
np.__version__
Out[1]:
'1.14.0'

Read more

b14
Deep Learning, Python,

Basic Image Recognition with Built-in Models in Keras

by admin-postMarch 13, 2018no comment

In this blog post we are going to look at Image Recognition with built-in models available in Keras. The notebook can be also viewed on Github.

There are various pre-trained models available in Keras. The weights for these models are trained on a subset of ImageNet dataset. ImageNet is an image dataset containing millions of images with each image described in words. The models are trained on a dataset of 1000 types of common objects (the list of 1000 categories). This dataset is used during The ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC).

The models for image classification available in Keras are listed below:

  • Xception
  • VGG16
  • VGG19
  • ResNet50
  • InceptionV3
  • InceptionResNetV2
  • MobileNet
  • DenseNet
  • NASNet

Once the model is instantiated, the weights are automatically downloaded to ~/.keras/models/ folder. We will be implementing ResNet50 (50 Layer Residual Network – further reading: Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition) in the example below. The file containing weights for ResNet50 is about 100MB.

The versions

In this example I am using Keras v.2.1.4 and TensorFlow v.1.5.0 with GPU (using NVIDIA CUDA).

 

Read more

b13
Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Python,

Basic Example of a Neural Network with TensorFlow and Keras

by admin-postMarch 6, 2018no comment

This blog post covers basic example of a Neural Network, using TensorFlow and Keras in Python. The notebook can be also viewed on Github.

TensorFlow and Keras

TensorFlow was developed at Google to use internally for machine learning tasks, and applied to the applications like speech recognition, Search, Gmail, etc. It was made public in 2015 as an open source application. The library is in C++, used with Python API. TensorFlow can be used for various problems like image recognition, language processing, implementation in self-driving cars, etc. There are various alternatives available to TensorFlow such as Theano, and Torch.

We are going to use Keras in this notebook, with Tensorflow as a backend engine. Keras is a high-level wrapper, which can be used both with TensorFlow and Theano. It simplifies common operations. The code is similar to scikit-learn, making it easier to get used to it, while in the background TensorFlow or Theano is used for processing.

The data

In this example we will be looking at MNIST database (a subset of a larger set by National Institute of Standards and Technology). This is a classic dataset containing 60000 training images, 10000 test images, and corresponding training and test labels. The images are handwritten digits, in the shape of 28 x 28 pixels, and divided into 10 categories (from 0 to 9).

The versions

In this example I am using Keras v.2.1.4 and TensorFlow v.1.5.0 with GPU (using NVIDIA CUDA). Running examples on a GPU can speed up the training process.

In [1]:
# To avoid warnings
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

# Importing keras and tensorflow, and printing the versions
import keras
print('Keras: {}'.format(keras.__version__))

import tensorflow as tf
print('TensorFlow: {}'.format(tf.__version__))

Using TensorFlow backend.

Keras: 2.1.4
TensorFlow: 1.5.0

Read more

b12
Python,

Pandas – Tips and Tricks – df.loc, df.iloc

by admin-postFebruary 27, 2018no comment

This notebook is a part of Pandas – Tips and Tricks mini-series, focusing on different aspects of pandas library in Python. In the below examples we will be looking at selecting the data by using .loc and .iloc methods. The notebook is also available on GitHub.

.loc: is primarily label based indexing.

.iloc: is primarily integer position based indexing.

Previous blog posts on the topic: Data import with Python, using pandas DataFrame – Part 1

 

Let’s start by importing pandas and loading the data:

In [1]:
# Loading the library
import pandas as pd

# I am using the data from WHO as an example
df = pd.read_csv('Data/SuicBoth.csv')

# Checking the DataFrame shape
print(df.shape)

# Checking the imported data
df.head()

(183, 6)

Read more

b11
Machine Learning, Python,

Statistical Terms in Data Science and Regression Metrics

by admin-postFebruary 14, 2018no comment

Various statistical concepts are incorporated in Data Science. In this notebook I am going to cover some basic statistical terms, and talk about metrics used in Data Science for Regression tasks. This notebook can be also viewed on Github.

1. Statistical terms

Let’s look at some simple statistical terms in detail:

Mean (\bar{x} ): Averaging. Mean is a sum of all values divided by the number of values:

\bar{x} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i}{n}

Variance (\sigma^2 ): Describes the spread of a distribution. For a set of values, the variance:

\sigma^2 = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\big(x_i - \bar{x}\big)^2

Standard Deviation (\sigma ): Square root of variance, is in the units of the data it represents:

\sigma = \sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\big(x_i - \bar{x}\big)^2}

Read more

b8
Machine Learning, Python,

k-NN Nearest Neighbor Classifier

by admin-postSeptember 30, 2017no comment

Nearest Neighbor Classification

k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) is one of the simplest machine learning algorithms. Predictions for the new data points are done by closest data points in the training data set. The algorithm compares the Euclidean distances from the point of interest to the other data points to determine which class it belongs to. We can define the k-amount of the closest data points for the algorithm calculations.

Lower k results in low bias / high variance. As k grows, the method becomes less flexible, and decision boundary close to linear. Higher k results in high bias / low variance.

Few links on the topic:

Also, this blog post is available as a jupyter notebook on GitHub.

Read more

b5
d3,

d3.js Data Visualization; New Mexico

by admin-postJuly 18, 2017no comment

Visualization is the key to understanding the data. Lines of endless data can be overwhelming. Most of the times, to reach the conclusion, it is better to visualize the task. D3.js is a JavaScript library that is used for data visualization using the web standards like HTML, CSS, and SVG. Since the initial release in 2011, D3 gained popularity pretty quickly due to dynamic, interactive data visualizations capabilities in the browser. There is a huge community of followers of D3, and it is supported and improved by its creator Mike Bostock constantly.

Lately I’ve been working on D3. There is definitely a lot to learn, a lot to gain and improve. This blog post is a quick summary of knowledge that I gained in the last few weeks playing with D3. Initially I started looking for tutorials, and books on the subject. To be honest I’ve got a bit frustrated due to the lack of detailed material on the subject. I found “D3.js Essential Training for Data Scientists” on Lynda.com that guided me in the right direction. I discovered for myself https://bl.ocks.org/, and since then I started checking different types of visualization provided on that website. My way of learning is to think about a problem/case that might interest me, see if there is any solution available, if not then divide the problem into smaller tasks, and work on them one by one.

Let’s look at few examples below. I am working on New Mexico data for this blog post. The data was gathered through US Census Bureau, and US Department of Labor websites. Disclaimer: this is not a complete analysis of the data; data is used for visualization purposes only, all the data is available for public on the above mentioned websites. I will be working on a few tutorials in the next few weeks, explaining the below examples in bigger detail.

Read more